![]() A reference level or -18 dBFS = 0 VU provides 18 dB of headroom over 0, so the maximum analog level would be +22 dBu, or 18 dB above +4 dBu (0 VU). While there is no single standard for converting between digital and analog levels, many DAWs define analog +4 dBu, or 0 VU, as -18 dBFS, while some companies use other standards, like 0 VU = -20 dBFS. In the digital domain, volume is measured using the dBFS scale, which stands for “decibels relative to full scale.” Digital audio signals become clipped at 0 dBFS, which is the loudest digital signal that can be represented without distortion. VU meters are calibrated so that a professional audio meter reads 0 VU at a voltage of +4 dBu, or 1.228 volts. Analog and Digital Levelsįor analog audio, volume may be measured using the dBu scale on a VU meter, which represents a value referenced to. It is important that you know the scale, like C° or F°, in order to understand what the temperature measurement means. You can think of it like measuring temperature, where we all know that 75 degrees Fahrenheit is much different than 75 degrees Celsius. Decibel numbers relate to a specific scale, or reference point, like a voltage level. A decibel (dB) measures the ratio between two levels: the level being measured against a fixed reference level. Volume can also be measured in its electrical form using the decibel system. Hopefully you will notice that the two tones do not have the same loudness, even though the volume level has not changed. Now play a 10 kHz sine wave without adjusting the monitor controller. First, play a 1 kHz sine wave and adjust your monitor controller so the volume is comfortable. The easiest way to understand loudness is to listen to two different frequencies at the same monitor volume level. We can measure SPL with a meter, but SPL doesn’t gauge how subjectively powerful or how loud a sound will seem to an individual. If you’ve ever stuck your hand in front of a subwoofer and felt those pulsating bursts of air, you understand the concept. We often describe volume using Sound Pressure Level ( SPL), which measures the change in air pressure caused by a sound. The frequency content, duration, and volume of a sound are all factors in how we perceive its loudness. Loudness, on the other hand, is much more difficult to quantify as it is completely subjective and based entirely on your personal perception of sound. ![]() Volume is a scientific measurement of the quantity or power of a sound. The two terms, however, are entirely different concepts. Loudness is commonly confused with volume. Read on to learn about the difference between peak and RMS metering, different ways of measuring sound, and different methods for achieving loudness when mixing and mastering. ![]() This article will explain everything you need to know about loudness so you can master your tracks like a pro. Loudness, a commonly misunderstood term, is as complex as it is important. ![]() We engineers use a lot of different words to talk about loudness-but none of them offer an entirely accurate description. ![]()
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